Geological survey usgs, resources in place are distinguished according to their gradespecifically, the gallons of oil that can be produced from a ton of shale. Studies indicate that the shale gas produced is sufficient to supply a large portion of the heat needed for oil shale retorting. When new shale gas fields in the us are constrained by the capacity of the existing oil and gas pipeline network, it results in bottlenecks and low prices at the production site. Shale gas resources are becoming an important energy source for meeting rising energy demand over the next few decades. Shale gas production is a highly waterintensive process, with a typical well requiring around 5 million gallons of water to drill and fracture, depending on the basin and geological formation. Shale drilling site in pennsylvania photo helge hansen statoil. The processes involved with heavy oil production often require external water supplies for steam generation, washing, and other steps. Prospects and policy issues oil shale technology prospects processes for producing shale oil generally fall into one of two groups. What investors need to know in a confusion of terms, oil shale and shale oil take on a whole new meaning for investors, with billions of barrels of oil at stake. Shale and tight gas mining places water resources at risk the gas industry claims that because shale and tight gas extraction involves deeper rock layers, they are safer than gas extraction from shallow coal seams. Oil shale refers to rock that has kerogen, a precursor to oil, stored in it. This is when the mined rock is exposed to the process of pyrolysis applying extreme heat without the presence of oxygen. The current work is based on the utilization of kinetixintersect. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook.
Shale oil is a hugely untapped resource that has been mined and processed since the 1800s. While some heavy oil processes generate produced water, others generate different types of industrial wastewater. The main scope of this paper is to assess recovery factor distribution and well spacing for a shale oil reservoir considering both dynamic processes. However, extracting oil from the shale is no simple task. The process of extracting shale oil from oil shale which is a sedimentary rock represents perhaps the most difficult and high production cost than the conventional crude oil.
Steam or electromagnetic heating is generally used for in situ heating of oil shale. Shale gas exploration and production key issues and. Havard devold oil and gas production handbook an introduction. Handbook of alternative fuel technologies, 2nd edition. The book addresses such important topics as the difference between conventional and unconventional petroleum production, what surfactants are and how they are used, what a proppant is, and the basic processes involved in fracking a horizontal wellhis content will be very beneficial to students learning about petroleum production from shale formationssumming. Oil shale retorting is a very simple process since it basically involves only the application of heat to break down the kerogen followed by removal and quenching of the volatile products. Speight is currently editor of the journal petroleum science and technology formerly fuel science and technology international. The potential scientific and technological treatments of highgrade shale oil production from oil shale is very important in the future industries and is an issue of special interest to refineries. The drilling productivity report uses recent data on the total number of drilling rigs in operation along with estimates of drilling productivity and estimated changes in production from existing oil and natural gas wells to provide.
Purchase shale oil production processes 1st edition. Pdf on oct 1, 2019, nalendri govender and others published an overview of shale oil. As a result, the united states became the worlds largest crudeoil producer, according to the energy information administration. Changing the carbon footprints of unconventional oils.
This is a systematic presentation of the production and development of the oil shale industry in china. Oil processing design specifications oil composition 1. Base production accounts for a material share of total u. Components and processes impacting production success from.
In addition to shale gas, other types of unconventional reservoirs include tight gas lowporosity sandstones and carbonate reservoirs and coal bed methane cbm gas produced from coal seams. Implications to exploration, drilling, and production of oil and gas resources elsevier science ltd walter h. Extracting shale oil from oil shale is costlier than the production of. Ullmanns encyclopedia of industrial chemistry a18, 101126. If it does, it would revolutionise global energy markets. Methods which should reduce environmental footprint. Soon, oil had replaced most other fuels for motorized transport. Questions and answers for shale gas, hydraulic fracturing of a reservoir is the preferred stimulation method see graphic below. How much shale tight oil is produced in the united states. One of the byproducts of shale gas exploration is the opening up of deep underground shale deposits to tight oil or shale oil production. A study on the eu oil shale industry viewed in the light. Oil shale must be mined using either underground or surfacemining methods. Shale oil production pdf potential for shale oil production to spread globally over the next couple of decades.
Inferences of two dynamic processes on recovery factor and. This typically involves injecting pressurized fluids to stimulate or fracture shale formations and release the natural gas. Getting crude oil from rock represents perhaps the most difficult process of extraction. Received 10 november 2011 accepted 19 january 2012. Shale oil and gas handbook download ebook pdf, epub. Us3474863a us3474863da us3474863a us 3474863 a us3474863 a us 3474863a us 3474863d a us3474863d a us 3474863da us 3474863 a us3474863 a us 3474863a authority us united states prior art keywords zone oil solvent fluid shale prior art date 19670728 legal status the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. One important conclusion is that the price competitiveness of electricity produced from shale oil, and also by direct combustion of oil shale, is very sensitive to. Oil shale retorts can be grouped into two broad categories. That moreforless approach highlights the shale industrys ability to ramp up production and keep improving the process of drilling and fracking a well to increase its clout in global oil markets. A type of unconventional oil found in shale formations.
If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. Development of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing is crucial for economic production of shale gas reservoirs, but it must be performed with caution and as a multidisciplinary approach. The breakeven price also depends on the company drilling for oil. Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil. Shale oil represents a huge additional global fossil fuel resource. This article is about production of synthetic oil from oil shale. Mining and processing of oil shales has particularly challenging consequences. Oil shale is an organicrich finegrained sedimentary rock containing kerogen a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced, called shale oil not to be confused with tight oilcrude oil occurring naturally in shales. In order for oil shale production to be profitable, the industry must overcome technical, environmental, regulatory, and economic obstacles. The shale oil production can be turned on when demand is high and turned off when demand is low easily and more cost effective than the current conventional oilfield matt egan, 2015. Easytoread understand overview of the chemistry, engineering, and technology of shale oil. It has the potential to reach up to 12 percent of the worlds total oil. Starting with the potential of formations and then proceeding to production and completion, this foundational resource also dives into the chemical and physical nature of. Jan 31, 2020 shale oil is a highquality crude oil that lies between layers of shale rock, impermeable mudstone, or siltstone.
The resultant shale oil is used as fuel oil or upgraded to meet refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing sulfur and nitrogen impurities shale oil extraction is usually. The differences between oil shale, shale oil, and shale gas. The crude shale oil produced is a quality that requires less upgrading than oil from most exsitu processes, but recoveries are somewhat less. Energy information administration eia estimates that in 2019, about 2. Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production. Crude shale oil, shale gas and water are produced from insitu retorts. Update with compositional model results production 1. Different companies have different business practices, utilize different technologies, and.
An unconventional mindset for shale gas surface facilities m. Sand pumped in with the fluids often water helps to keep the. Clear and rigorous, oil shale production process will prove useful for those scientists. Geological survey usgs, resources in place are distinguished according to their gradespecifically, the gallons of oil that can be produced from a ton of shale the rich ores that yield 25 to more than 50 gallons per ton are the most. The automobile industry developed at the end of the 19th century, and quickly. Read refining synthetic liquids from coal and shale. The industry has never operated at a profitable level, and the sheer size of the potential industry would necessitate a rapid return on investment. A study on the eu oil shale industry viewed in the light of. But according to a european commission report there is an.
The cost of conventional oil varies so much that saudi. Shale oil and gas production processes delivers the basics on current production technologies and the processing and refining of shale oil. For production of crude oil trapped in oil bearing shales tight oil, see tight oil. Hydraulic fracturing is a known technology and has been used for at least 60 years. We have then assessed how oil price changes of this magnitude could impact the wider economy up to 2035 at both global and national levels using a macroeconomic model. Components and processes impacting production success. The industry has never operated at a profitable level, and the sheer size of the. The heavier the oil isfor example, oil sand bitumen and oil shale kerogenthe more carbon laden, higher in sulfur, and filled with toxic impurities. The term oil shale is commonly used when referring to unconventional oil, but it can be misleading. Tbp curve of a sample light sweet crude oil is being used currently. A study on the eu oil shale industry viewed in the light of the.
This process converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. Shale oil and gas handbook download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl. After excavation, the oil shale must undergo retorting. Shale oil is a highquality crude oil that lies between layers of shale rock, impermeable mudstone, or siltstone. Oil shale refers to the sedimentary shale rock that contains oil prone kerogen partially converted fossil organic matter which has not been submitted to enough pressure and temperature over millions of years to release oil gallois, r. Processing oil shale national oil shale association. Shale gas exploration and production key issues and responsible business practices guidance note for financiers this guidance note has been produced to assist financial institutions in their internal conversations and decisionmaking with regard to risks and responsible business practices associated with shale gas production. Relative to conventional oil, however, the production quantities have been low. The patent analysis examines inventions filed between 2000 and 2012.
Kinetixintersect model results indicated a variable recovery factor distribution after 30 years of production, 8. Oil shale, shale oil and shale gas are all related to these new, unconventional methods of accessing the earths oil and natural gas reserves. Shale oil production processes 1st edition elsevier. The economics of oil shale extraction are an impediment to its commercial production. Shale oil comprises more than a third of the onshore production of crude oil in the lower 48 states. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, opened up more natural gas for production, but the technology added costs to the oil extraction process. Definition sedimentary rock with a high organic content organic matter is known as kerogen kerogen. It may refer to crude oil that is found within shale formations, or to oil that is. Oil companies produce shale oil by fracturing the rock formations that contain the layers of oil. Unconventional oils are typically much heavier and sourer than even the lowestquality conventional oil. According to the international energy agency, there are about 1 trillion barrels of economically recoverable shale oil resources, compared to 1.
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